One of the greatest inventions that chemical evolution achieved is the chemical bond: peptide. This is where one molecule creates another entirely different and more sophisticated molecule i.e. a specialised protein enzyme. So sophisticated are these enzymes that they can carry out almost any specific reaction in any cell – and there are as many enzymes as there are reactions. Without the initial peptide bond, the emergence of life would have been highly improbable as the resultant enzymes are responsible for speeding up chemical reactions to the rate of nano-seconds, which encourages generation of energy within cells and life is sustained in a constant state of disequilibrium which requires a rapid input as well as constantly high levels of energy